Lately, more and more we find abuse of certain medicinal drugs (CMD). CMD is a drug that works on the central nervous system in addition to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which in use above the therapeutic dose would cause dependence and typical changes in mental activity and behavior. Examples of drugs containing tramadol, heloperidol, amitriptyline and others. In this article will discuss about the drug tramadol, which in some cases abused its user.
Tramadol
Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine which is an opiate receptor agonist weak. Most of analgetiknya effects caused by inhibition of reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tramadol is as effective her with morphine or meperidine for mild to moderate pain, but for strong pain or chronic weaker. For his equally effective delivery tramadol with meperidine and less likely to cause respiratory depression in the neonate.
Bioavailability of Tramadol after a single oral dose of 68% and 100% when used IM. Affinity to opiate receptors only 1/6000 of morphine, but the major metabolite demethylation results 2-4 times more patents than the parent drug and serves to cause partial analgetiknya effect. Mixture is a mixture resemik tramadol, which is more effective than each enansionernya. Enansioner (+) binds to the opiate receptors and inhibit serotonin uptake.
Metabolism-Tramadol metabolized hearts and excretion by the kidney, with a half-life of elimination 6 hours and 7.5 hours for the active metabolite. Its analgesic arising after 1 hour of oral administration, and reached its peak after 2-3 hours. Old analgesiknya about 6 hours, and the maximum dose of 400 mg per day.
Side effects- common of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dry mouth, sedation and headache. Seemed less respiratory depression than morphine ekuianalgetik effects and degrees konstipasinya less than the equivalent dose of codeine. Can cause convulsions or recurrence serangkan convulsions. Respiratory depression as a result of tramadol can be overcome with naloxone, but naloxone may increase the risk of convulsions, whereas analgesic would not be affected by naloxone. Physical abuse and dependence on tramadol have been reported to occur. Tramadol should be kept away from patients with a history of addiction. Because inhibisinya effect on uptake of serotonin, Tramadol should not be used in patients taking monoamine-oxidase inhibitor (MAO).
Source : Apotekers
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